Lower Radicals in Associative Rings
Canadian journal of mathematics, Tome 21 (1969) no. 1, pp. 466-476

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Given a homomorphically closed class of (not necessarily associative) rings , the lower radical property determined by is the least radical property for which all rings in are radical. Recently (7) a process of constructing the lower radical property from a class of associative rings has been given which terminates after a countable number of steps. In this process, an ascending chain of classes is obtained and the property of being a ring in the class is the lower radical property determined by . In Theorem 1 we give another characterization of the rings in the class , λ ∈ {1, 2, ..., omega; 0}, and a procedure for constructing the lower radical determined by in an arbitrary associative ring is given.
Watters, J. F. Lower Radicals in Associative Rings. Canadian journal of mathematics, Tome 21 (1969) no. 1, pp. 466-476. doi: 10.4153/CJM-1969-051-3
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