Geodesic
On the Arithmetic of Errors
Serdica Journal of Computing, Tome 4 (2010) no. 4, pp. 447-462.

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An approximate number is an ordered pair consisting of a (real) number and an error bound, briefly error, which is a (real) non-negative number. To compute with approximate numbers the arithmetic operations on errors should be well-known. To model computations with errors one should suitably define and study arithmetic operations and order relations over the set of non-negative numbers. In this work we discuss the algebraic properties of non-negative numbers starting from familiar properties of real numbers. We focus on certain operations of errors which seem not to have been sufficiently studied algebraically. In this work we restrict ourselves to arithmetic operations for errors related to addition and multiplication by scalars. We pay special attention to subtractability-like properties of errors and the induced “distance-like” operation. This operation is implicitly used under different names in several contemporary fields of applied mathematics (inner subtraction and inner addition in interval analysis, generalized Hukuhara difference in fuzzy set theory, etc.) Here we present some new results related to algebraic properties of this operation.
Keywords: Computer Arithmetic, Error Analysis, Interval Arithmetic, Approximate Numbers, Algebra of Errors, Quasilinear Spaces 
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Markov, Svetoslav; Hayes, Nathan. On the Arithmetic of Errors. Serdica Journal of Computing, Tome 4 (2010) no. 4, pp. 447-462. http://geodesic.mathdoc.fr/item/SJC_2010_4_4_a3/