Geodesic
Some homology classes in the space of closed curves in the $n$-dimensional sphere
Izvestiya. Mathematics , Tome 18 (1982) no. 3, pp. 403-422.

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The $(n-1)$-dimensional $\mod2$ cycle generated by the great circles passing through two fixed, diametrically opposite points in the -dimensional sphere $S^n$ is considered in the space $\Pi S^n$ of nonoriented, nonparametrized closed curves in $S^n$. It is shown that it is not null-homologous (this has some significance for the variational theory of closed geodesics). The construction of the corresponding invariant is reminiscent of the construction of the degree of a map by “smooth means”. This exploits the fact that the homology of $\Pi S^n$ can be constructed using only the singular simplices obtained as follows: in the space of parametrized closed curves, take the singular simplices satisfying some differentiability condition, and project them into $\Pi S^n$ (that is, ignore the orientations and parametrizations of the respective curves). Bibliography: 13 titles. 
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D. V. Anosov. Some homology classes in the space of closed curves in the $n$-dimensional sphere. Izvestiya. Mathematics , Tome 18 (1982) no. 3, pp. 403-422. http://geodesic.mathdoc.fr/item/IM2_1982_18_3_a0/

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