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Cascade Systems as An Implementation of a Gray-Box Architecture: A Case Study in Traceability for Microservice Scaling
Computer Science and Information Systems, Tome 23 (2026) no. 1

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There is great potential in leveraging Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems to optimize complex infrastructures, automate difficult tasks, or support autonomy and coordination between networked devices. However, advances in state-of-the-art AI often neglect features and/or requirements that businesses care deeply about, namely traceability and explainability. A majority of available research has not explored much the deployment of semi-physical architectures combining fuzzy rulebased systems with more opaque models to improve explainability, being this specially true for the management of microservices in cloud and cloud-edge environments. This contribution builds on previous work that proposes a middle ground of mixed AI architectures that combine the performance of black-box AI models with ”a more explainable overall architecture” by implementing a microservice scaling system for distributed cloud environments using a cascade approach. This work demonstrates and evaluates an application case of such an approach departing from a Service Level Agreement compliance, in a case of microservice scaling decision over cloud (and cloud-like) infrastructures.
Keywords: explainability, fuzzy-rule-based-systems, semi-physical architectures, AI network, gray-box 
Jorge Jiménez Garcı́a; Ignacio Lacalle Úbeda; Paweł Szmeja; Katarzyna Wasielewska-Michniewska; Przemysław Hołda; Maria Ganzha; Carlos E. Palau Salvador; Costin Bădică; Stefka Fidanova; Marcin Paprzycki. Cascade Systems as An Implementation of a Gray-Box Architecture: A Case Study in Traceability for Microservice Scaling. Computer Science and Information Systems, Tome 23 (2026) no. 1. http://geodesic.mathdoc.fr/item/CSIS_2026_23_1_a25/
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     author = {Jorge Jim\'enez Garc{\i}́a and Ignacio Lacalle \'Ubeda and Pawe{\l} Szmeja and Katarzyna Wasielewska-Michniewska and Przemys{\l}aw Ho{\l}da and Maria Ganzha and Carlos E. Palau Salvador and Costin B\u{a}dic\u{a} and Stefka Fidanova and Marcin Paprzycki},
     title = {Cascade {Systems} as {An} {Implementation} of a {Gray-Box} {Architecture:} {A} {Case} {Study} in {Traceability} for {Microservice} {Scaling}},
     journal = {Computer Science and Information Systems},
     year = {2026},
     volume = {23},
     number = {1},
     url = {http://geodesic.mathdoc.fr/item/CSIS_2026_23_1_a25/}
}
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