A Heuristic for Direct Product Graph Decomposition
Journal of Graph Algorithms and Applications, Tome 27 (2023) no. 7, pp. 581-601.

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In this paper we describe a heuristic for decomposing a directed graph into factors according to the direct product (also known as Kronecker, cardinal or tensor product). Given a directed, unweighted graph $G$ with adjacency matrix $\mathbf{Adj}(G)$, our heuristic aims at identifying two graphs $G_1$ and $G_2$ such that $G = G_1 \times G_2$, where $G_1 \times G_2$ is the direct product of $G_1$ and $G_2$. For undirected, connected graphs it has been shown that graph decomposition is "at least as difficult" as graph isomorphism; therefore, polynomial-time algorithms for decomposing a general directed graph into factors are unlikely to exist. Although graph factorization is a problem that has been extensively investigated, the heuristic proposed in this paper represents - to the best of our knowledge - the first computational approach for general directed, unweighted graphs. We have implemented our algorithm using the MATLAB environment; we report on a set of experiments that show that the proposed heuristic solves reasonably-sized instances in a few seconds on general-purpose hardware. Although the proposed heuristic is not guaranteed to find a factorization, even if one exists; however, it always succeeds on all the randomly-generated instances used in the experimental evaluation.
DOI : 10.7155/jgaa.00635
Keywords: Kronecker product, direct product, graph factorization, graph decomposition, heuristic
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Luca Calderoni; Luciano Margara; Moreno Marzolla. A Heuristic for Direct Product Graph Decomposition. Journal of Graph Algorithms and Applications, Tome 27 (2023) no. 7, pp. 581-601. doi : 10.7155/jgaa.00635. http://geodesic.mathdoc.fr/articles/10.7155/jgaa.00635/

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