Geodesic
Closed paths whose steps are roots of unity
Discrete mathematics & theoretical computer science, DMTCS Proceedings vol. AO, 23rd International Conference on Formal Power Series and Algebraic Combinatorics (FPSAC 2011), DMTCS Proceedings vol. AO, 23rd International Conference on Formal Power Series and Algebraic Combinatorics (FPSAC 2011) (2011).

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We give explicit formulas for the number $U_n(N)$ of closed polygonal paths of length $N$ (starting from the origin) whose steps are $n^{\textrm{th}}$ roots of unity, as well as asymptotic expressions for these numbers when $N \rightarrow \infty$. We also prove that the sequences $(U_n(N))_{N \geq 0}$ are $P$-recursive for each fixed $n \geq 1$ and leave open the problem of determining the values of $N$ for which the $\textit{dual}$ sequences $(U_n(N))_{n \geq 1}$ are $P$-recursive. 
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     author = {Labelle, Gilbert and Lacasse, Annie},
     title = {Closed paths whose steps are roots of unity},
     journal = {Discrete mathematics & theoretical computer science},
     publisher = {mathdoc},
     volume = {DMTCS Proceedings vol. AO, 23rd International Conference on Formal Power Series and Algebraic Combinatorics (FPSAC 2011)},
     year = {2011},
     doi = {10.46298/dmtcs.2937},
     language = {en},
     url = {http://geodesic.mathdoc.fr/articles/10.46298/dmtcs.2937/}
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Labelle, Gilbert; Lacasse, Annie. Closed paths whose steps are roots of unity. Discrete mathematics & theoretical computer science, DMTCS Proceedings vol. AO, 23rd International Conference on Formal Power Series and Algebraic Combinatorics (FPSAC 2011), DMTCS Proceedings vol. AO, 23rd International Conference on Formal Power Series and Algebraic Combinatorics (FPSAC 2011) (2011). doi : 10.46298/dmtcs.2937. http://geodesic.mathdoc.fr/articles/10.46298/dmtcs.2937/

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