Geodesic
Generalized Casimir Operators
Canadian journal of mathematics, Tome 21 (1969) no. 1, pp. 1496-1505

Voir la notice de l'article provenant de la source Cambridge University Press

Throughout this paper, S will be a ring (not necessarily commutative) with an identity element l s ≠ 0s . We shall use R to denote a second ring, and φ: S→ R will be a fixed ring homomorphism for which φ 1 S = 1R.In (7), Higman generalized the Casimir operator of classical theory and used his generalization to characterize relatively projective and injective modules. As a special case, he obtained a theorem which contains results of Eckmann (3) and of Higman himself (5), and which also includes Gaschütz's generalization (4) of Maschke's theorem. (For a discussion of some of the developments of Maschke's idea of averaging over a finite group, we refer the reader to (2, Chapter IX).) In the present paper, we define the Casimir operator of a family of S-homomorphisms of one R-module into another, and we again use this operator to characterize relatively projective and injective modules. 
Douglas, A. J. Generalized Casimir Operators. Canadian journal of mathematics, Tome 21 (1969) no. 1, pp. 1496-1505. doi: 10.4153/CJM-1969-164-7
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