Properly homotopic nontrivial planes are isotopic
Fundamenta Mathematicae, Tome 146 (1994) no. 2, pp. 141-152

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It is proved that two planes that are properly homotopic in a noncompact, orientable, irreducible 3-manifold that is not homeomorphic to $ℝ^3$ are isotopic. The end-reduction techniques of E. M. Brown and C. D. Feustal and M. G. Brin and T. L. Thickstun are used.
Bobby Winters. Properly homotopic nontrivial planes are isotopic. Fundamenta Mathematicae, Tome 146 (1994) no. 2, pp. 141-152. doi: 10.4064/fm-146-2-141-152
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