Geodesic
Properly homotopic nontrivial planes are isotopic
Fundamenta Mathematicae, Tome 146 (1994) no. 2, pp. 141-152

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It is proved that two planes that are properly homotopic in a noncompact, orientable, irreducible 3-manifold that is not homeomorphic to $ℝ^3$ are isotopic. The end-reduction techniques of E. M. Brown and C. D. Feustal and M. G. Brin and T. L. Thickstun are used.
DOI : 10.4064/fm-146-2-141-152

Bobby Winters 1

1 
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Bobby Winters. Properly homotopic nontrivial planes are isotopic. Fundamenta Mathematicae, Tome 146 (1994) no. 2, pp. 141-152. doi: 10.4064/fm-146-2-141-152

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