Geodesic
Discrete extrinsic curvatures and approximation of surfaces by polar polyhedra
Žurnal vyčislitelʹnoj matematiki i matematičeskoj fiziki, Tome 50 (2010) no. 1, pp. 71-98

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Duality principle for approximation of geometrical objects (also known as Eudoxus exhaustion method) was extended and perfected by Archimedes in his famous tractate “Measurement of circle”. The main idea of the approximation method by Archimedes is to construct a sequence of pairs of inscribed and circumscribed polygons (polyhedra) which approximate curvilinear convex body. This sequence allows to approximate length of curve, as well as area and volume of the bodies and to obtain error estimates for approximation. In this work it is shown that a sequence of pairs of locally polar polyhedra allows to construct piecewise-affine approximation to spherical Gauss map, to construct convergent point-wise approximations to mean and Gauss curvature, as well as to obtain natural discretizations of bending energies. Suggested approach can be applied to nonconvex surfaces and in the case of multiple dimensions. 
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V. A. Garanzha. Discrete extrinsic curvatures and approximation of surfaces by polar polyhedra. Žurnal vyčislitelʹnoj matematiki i matematičeskoj fiziki, Tome 50 (2010) no. 1, pp. 71-98. http://geodesic.mathdoc.fr/item/ZVMMF_2010_50_1_a7/