Geodesic
Dynamical variable and chiral properties of the vacuum in the Schwinger model
Teoretičeskaâ i matematičeskaâ fizika, Tome 61 (1984) no. 3, pp. 419-430

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The Schwinger model for a system in a box is studied in the Hamiltonian formalism in the Coulomb and axial gauges. It is shown that the vacuum degeneracy in the model is a gauge artefact, and gauge-noninvariant quantities whose conservation leads to the degeneracy are specified. It is established that the dynamical variable in the model is the gauge-invariant axial charge. In the case when the vacuum is degenerate, the ground state contains a zero-mode condensate. In the limit of an infinite box, the zero mode leaves the vacuum but remains in the Hamiltonian in a separated form. 
@article{TMF_1984_61_3_a9,
     author = {A. V. Kiselev},
     title = {Dynamical variable and chiral properties of the vacuum in the {Schwinger} model},
     journal = {Teoreti\v{c}eska\^a i matemati\v{c}eska\^a fizika},
     pages = {419--430},
     publisher = {mathdoc},
     volume = {61},
     number = {3},
     year = {1984},
     language = {ru},
     url = {http://geodesic.mathdoc.fr/item/TMF_1984_61_3_a9/}
}
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A. V. Kiselev. Dynamical variable and chiral properties of the vacuum in the Schwinger model. Teoretičeskaâ i matematičeskaâ fizika, Tome 61 (1984) no. 3, pp. 419-430. http://geodesic.mathdoc.fr/item/TMF_1984_61_3_a9/