Geodesic
Spontaneous breaking of gauge symmetry in a~nonstationary isotropic metric
Teoretičeskaâ i matematičeskaâ fizika, Tome 33 (1977) no. 1, pp. 42-53

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The theory of complex scalar field in nonstationary isotropic metrics of the open type is considered. It is shown that the self-interaction of the field in such a theory leads to spontaneous breakdown of gauge symmetry. In distinction to the Goldstone model one has no need to use the negative values of the mass squared. Interaction with vector field leads to the Higgs phenomenon in the open Friedmann space. By means of the analysis of corresponding nonlinear differential equations the energy density and the pressure of the field in nonsymmetric vacuum state are found. The effective time of existence of spontaneous breakdown of symmetry for massive field near the cosmological singularity is calculated for the different laws of the expansion. 
@article{TMF_1977_33_1_a3,
     author = {A. A. Grib and V. M. Mostepanenko and V. M. Frolov},
     title = {Spontaneous breaking of gauge symmetry in a~nonstationary isotropic metric},
     journal = {Teoreti\v{c}eska\^a i matemati\v{c}eska\^a fizika},
     pages = {42--53},
     publisher = {mathdoc},
     volume = {33},
     number = {1},
     year = {1977},
     language = {ru},
     url = {http://geodesic.mathdoc.fr/item/TMF_1977_33_1_a3/}
}
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A. A. Grib; V. M. Mostepanenko; V. M. Frolov. Spontaneous breaking of gauge symmetry in a~nonstationary isotropic metric. Teoretičeskaâ i matematičeskaâ fizika, Tome 33 (1977) no. 1, pp. 42-53. http://geodesic.mathdoc.fr/item/TMF_1977_33_1_a3/