Monads and interpolads in bicategories
Theory and applications of categories, Tome 3 (1997), pp. 182-212.

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Given a bicategory, 2, with stable local coequalizers, we construct a bicategory of monads Y-mnd by using lax functors from the generic 0-cell, 1-cell and 2-cell, respectively, into Y. Any lax functor into Y factors through Y-mnd and the 1-cells turn out to be the familiar bimodules. The locally ordered bicategory rel and its bicategory of monads both fail to be Cauchy-complete, but have a well-known Cauchy-completion in common. This prompts us to formulate a concept of Cauchy-completeness for bicategories that are not locally ordered and suggests a weakening of the notion of monad. For this purpose, we develop a calculus of general modules between unstructured endo-1-cells. These behave well with respect to composition, but in general fail to have identities. To overcome this problem, we do not need to impose the full structure of a monad on endo-1-cells. We show that associative coequalizing multiplications suffice and call the resulting structures interpolads. Together with structure-preserving i-modules these form a bicategory Y-int that is indeed Cauchy-complete, in our sense, and contains the bicategory of monads as a not necessarily full sub-bicategory. Interpolads over rel are idempotent relations, over the suspension of set they correspond to interpolative semi-groups, and over spn they lead to a notion of ``category without identities'' also known as ``taxonomy''. If Y locally has equalizers, then modules in general, and the bicategories Y-mnd and Y-int in particular, inherit the property of being closed with respect to 1-cell composition.
Classification : 18D05.
Keywords: bicategory, closed bicategory, Cauchy-complete bicategory, lax functor, monad, module, interpolation property, taxonomy.
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     author = {Jurgen Koslowski},
     title = {Monads and interpolads in bicategories},
     journal = {Theory and applications of categories},
     pages = {182--212},
     publisher = {mathdoc},
     volume = {3},
     year = {1997},
     language = {en},
     url = {http://geodesic.mathdoc.fr/item/TAC_1997_3_a7/}
}
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Jurgen Koslowski. Monads and interpolads in bicategories. Theory and applications of categories, Tome 3 (1997), pp. 182-212. http://geodesic.mathdoc.fr/item/TAC_1997_3_a7/