Geodesic
The homological degree and Hopf's absolute degree
Sbornik. Mathematics, Tome 199 (2008) no. 11, pp. 1687-1713 Cet article a éte moissonné depuis la source Math-Net.Ru

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A cohomological degree theory is constructed for continuous maps of topological manifolds, including manifolds with boundaries, with emphasis on the non-orientable case. Some applications are given, among which the most substantial is an extremely simple definition of Hopf's absolute degree (which coincides with the geometric degree). Bibliography: 29 titles. 
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E. G. Sklyarenko. The homological degree and Hopf's absolute degree. Sbornik. Mathematics, Tome 199 (2008) no. 11, pp. 1687-1713. http://geodesic.mathdoc.fr/item/SM_2008_199_11_a4/

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