A situation-based multi-agent architecture for handling misunderstandings in interactions

Pham, T. P. ; Rabah, M. ; Estraillier, P.

International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Tome 25 (2015) no. 3, pp. 439-454.

Résumé

During interactions, system actors may face up misunderstandings when their local states contain inconsistent data about the same fact. Misunderstandings in interactions are likely to reduce interactivity performances (deviation or deadlock) or even affect overall system behavior. In this paper, we characterize misunderstandings in interactions between system actors (that may be human users or system agents) in interactive adaptive systems. To deal with such misunderstandings and ensure state consistency, we present an agent-based architecture and a scenario structuring approach. The system includes several agents devoted to scenario unfolding, plot adaptation and consistency management. Scenario structuring is based on the notion of a situation that is an elementary building block dividing the interactions between systems’ actors into contextual scenes. This pattern supports not only scenario execution but consistency management as well. In order to organize and control interactions, the situation contextualizes interactions and activity of the system’s actors. It also includes prevention and tolerance agent-based mechanisms to deal with the misunderstandings and their causes. We validate our consistency management mechanisms using Uppaal simulation and provide some experimental results to show the effectiveness of our approach on an online distance learning case study.

Détail

Keywords: interactive adaptive system, misunderstandings in interactions, situation structuring, consistency management

Bibliographie

[1] Barber, H. and Kudenko, D. (2008). Generation of dilemma-based interactive narratives with a changeable story goal, International Conference on Intelligent Technologies for Interactive Entertainment, Cancun, Mexico, pp. 6:1–6:10.

[2] Behrmann, G., David, A. and Larsen, K. (2004). A tutorial on Uppaal, in M. Bernardo and F. Corradini (Eds.), Formal Methods for the Design of Real-Time Systems, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 3185, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp. 200–236.

[3] Champagnat, R., Delmas, G. and Augeraud, M. (2010). A storytelling model for educational games: Heros interactive journey, International Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning 2(1): 4–20.

[4] Combefis, S., and Pecheur, C. (2009). A bisimulation-based approach to the analysis of human-computer interaction, ACM SIGCHI Symposium on Engineering Interactive Computing Systems (EICS’09), Pittsburgh, PA, USA, pp. 101–110.

[5] Dang, K.D., Pham, P.T., Champagnat, R. and Rabah, M. (2013). Linear logic validation and hierarchical modeling for interactive storytelling control, in D. Reidsma, H. Katayose and A. Nijholt (Eds.), Advances in Computer Entertainment, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 8253, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp. 524–527.

[6] Dey, A.K. (2001). Understanding and using context, Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 5(1): 4–7.

[7] Dourish, P. (2004). What we talk about when we talk about context, Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 8(1): 19–30.

[8] Ho, H.N., Rabah, M., Nowakowski, S. and Estrailler, P. (2014). Trace-based weighting approach for multiple criteria decision making, Journal of Software 9(8): 2180–2187.

[9] Hommel, B., Pösse, B. and Waszak, F. (2000). Contextualization in perception and action, Psychologica Belgica 40(4): 227–245.

[10] Jiang, H. (2005). Confidence measures for speech recognition: A survey, Speech Communication 45(5): 455–470.

[11] Karlsson, B., Ciarlini, A.E.M., Feijo, B. and Furtado, A.L. (2006). Applying a plan-recognition/plan-generation paradigm to interactive storytelling, Workshop on AI Planning for Computer Games and Synthetic Characters (ICAPS 2006), Cumbria, UK, pp. 31–40.

[12] Karsenty, L. and Botherel, V. (2005). Transparency strategies to help users handle system errors, Speech Communication 45(3): 305–324.

[13] King, G.G. (2011). General aviation training for automation surprise, Journal of Professional Aviation Training Testing Research 5(1): 46–51.

[14] Laprie, J. C., Randell, B., Landwehr, C. and Member, S. (2004). Basic concepts and taxonomy of dependable and secure computing, IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing 1(1): 11–33.

[15] Lebowitz, J. and Klug, C. (2011). Interactive Storytelling for Video Games: A Player-Centered Approach for Creating Memorable Character and Stories, Focal Press, Waltham, MA.

[16] Lopez-Cozar, R., Callejas, Z. and Griol, D. (2010). Using knowledge about misunderstandings to increase the robustness of spoken dialogue systems, Knowledge-Based Systems 23(5): 471–485.

[17] Magerko, B. and Laird, J.E. (2004). Mediating the tension between plot and interaction, AAAI Workshop Series: Challenges in Game Artificial Intelligence, San Jose, CA, USA, pp. 108–112.

[18] Paul, R., Charles, D., McNeill, M. and McSherry, D. (2011). Adaptive storytelling and story repair in a dynamic environment, in M. Si et al. (Eds.), International Conference on Interactive Digital Storytelling (ICIDS), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 7069, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp. 128–139.

[19] Pham, P.T., Rabah, M. and Estraillier, P. (2011). Handling the misunderstanding in interactions: Definition and solution, International Conference on Software Engineering Applications (SEA 2011), Singapore, pp. 47–52.

[20] Pham, P.T., Rabah, M. and Estraillier, P. (2013). Agent-based architecture and situation-based scenario for consistency management, Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems (FedCSIS 2013), Kraków, Poland, pp. 1065–1070.

[21] Picard, F. and Estraillier, P. (2010). Context-dependent player’s movement interpretation application to adaptive game development, Three-Dimensional Image Processing (3DIP) and Applications, San Jose, CA, USA.

[22] Prigent, A., Champagnat, R. and Estraillier, P. (2005). Scenario building based on formal methods and adaptative execution, International Simulation and Gaming Association Conference (ISAGA2005), Atlanta, GA, USA, pp. 1–19.

[23] Rapaport, W.J. (2003). What did you mean by that? Misunderstanding, negotiation, and syntactic semantics, Journal Minds and Machines 13(3): 397–427.

[24] Sehaba, K., Estraillier, P. and Lambert, D. (2005). Interactive educational games for autistic children with agent-based system, International Conference on Entertainment Computing (ICEC’05), Sanda, Japan, pp. 422–432.

[25] Silva, A., Raimundo, G. and Paiva, A. (2003). Tell me that bit again... Bringing interactivity to a virtual storyteller, in O. Balet, G. Subsol and P. Torguet (Eds.), Virtual Storytelling. Using Virtual Reality Technologies for Storytelling, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp. 1–10.

[26] Tanenbaum, A.S. and Woodhull, A.S. (2006). Operating Systems Design and Implementation, Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ.

[27] Trillaud, F., Pham, P.T., Rabah, M., Estraillier, P. and Malki, J. (2012). Situation-based scenarios for e-learning, International Conference on e-Learning (EL 2012), Lisbon, Portugal, pp. 121–128.

[28] Young, R.M., Riedl, M.O., Branly, M. and Jhala, A. (2004). An architecture for integrating plan-based behavior generation with interactive game environments, Journal of Game Development 1(1): 51–70.